Paleohydrology of Andean saline lakes from sedimentological and isotopic records, Northwestern Argentina     

Blas Valero-Garcés  Antonio Delgado-Huertas  Norma Ratto  Ana Navas  Larry Edwards 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2000,24(3):343-359

The paleohydrological evolution of several high altitude, saline lakes located in the southernmost Altiplano (El Peinado and San Francisco basins, Catamarca province, NW Argentina) was reconstructed applying sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic techniques. Several playa lakes from the San Francisco basin (26° 56 S; 68° 08 W, 3800-3900 m a.s.l.) show evidence of a recent raise in the watertable that led to modern deposition of carbonate and diatomaceous muds. A 2 m - long core from El Peinado Lake (26° 29 59 S, 68°05 32 W, 3820 m a.s.l.) consists of calcitic crusts (unit 3), overlaid by an alternation of macrophyte-rich and travertine clast- rich, laminated muds (unit 2), and topped by travertine facies (unit 1). This sedimentary sequence illustrates a paleohydrological evolution from a subaerial exposure (unit 3) to a high lake stand (unit 2), and a subsequent smaller decrease in lake level (unit 1). The ¹³C_{organic matter}record also reflects the lake transgression between units 3 and 2. Although there is a general positive correlation between ¹⁸O_carbonate and salinity proxies (Na, Li and B content), the large data dispersion indicates that other factors besides evaporation effects control chemical and isotopic composition of lakewater. Consequently, the oxygen isotopic composition cannot be interpreted exclusively as an indicator of salinity or evaporation ratio. The degassing of CO₂ during groundwater discharge can explain the enriched ¹³C values for primary carbonates precipitated. The carbon budget in these high altitude, saline lakes seems to be controlled by physical rather than biological processes.The Altiplano saline lakes contain records of environmental and climatic change, although accurate ¹⁴C dating of these lacustrine sediments is hindered by the scarcity of terrestrial organic material, and the large reservoir effects. Sedimentologic evidence, a ²¹⁰Pb-based chronology, and a preliminary U/Th chronology indicate a very large reservoir effect in El Peinado, likely as a result of old groundwaters and large contributions of volcanic and geothermal ¹⁴C-free CO₂ to the lake system. Alternative chronologies are needed to place these paleorecords in a reliable chronological framework. A period of increased water balance in the San Francisco basin ended at about 1660 ± 82 yr B.P. (calendar yr U/Th age), and would correlates with the humid phase between 3000 and 1800 yr B.P detected in other sites of the southern Altiplano. Both, ²¹⁰Pb and preliminary U/Th dating favor a younger age for the paleohydrological changes in El Peinado. The arid period reflected by subaerial exposure and low lake levels in unit 3 would have ended with a large increase in effective moisture during the late 17th century. The increased lake level during deposition of unit 2 would represent the period between AD1650 - 1900, synchronous to the Little Ice Age. This chronological framework is coherent with other regional records that show an abrupt transition from more arid to more humid conditions in the early 17th century, and a change to modern conditions in the late 19th century. Although there are local differences, the Little Ice Age stands as a significant climatic event in the Andean Altiplano.  相似文献   

Topex/Poseidon Altimetry and Dynamics of the Ocean-Atmosphere System     

Milan Burša  Jan Kouba  Viliam Vatrt  Vojtěch Vítek  Marie Vojtíšková 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2000,44(1):1-12

The T/P altimeter data 1993 – 1997 (cycles 11 – 194) has been analyzed with emphases on seasonal variations in sea surface topography (SST). The amplitude of the annual variations amounted to (5.9±0.3) mm when inverted barometer (IB) corrections were applied and (2.0±0.4) mm without any IB corrections. The amplitude of the semi-annual variations in SST was small with IB corrections applied: (0.6±0.3) mm. However, when no IB corrections were applied, it was (1.8±0.4) mm, i.e. the semiannual variations are at the same level as the annual variations with no IB corrections. The phase angle offset of the annual term has shifted by about 180° when IB correction was applied. The dynamics of the ocean-atmosphere system is discussed and it is concluded that it could, at least partly, be responsible for the above observed effects.  相似文献   

A Lost Realm in the Internal Domains of the Betic-Rif Orogen (Spain and Morocco): Evidence from Conglomerates and Consequences for Alpine Geodynamic Evolution     

Martín-Algarra A  Messina A  Perrone V  Russo S  Maate A  Martín-Martín M 《The Journal of geology》2000,108(4):447-467

The Malaguide-Ghomaride Complex is capped by Upper Oligocene-Aquitanian clastic deposits postdating early Alpine orogenesis but predating the main tectonic-metamorphic evolution, end of nappe emplacement, unroofing, and exhumation of the metamorphic units of the Betic-Rif Orogen. Two conglomerate intervals within these deposits are characterized by clasts of sedimentary, epimetamorphic, and mafic volcanic rocks derived from Malaguide-Ghomaride units and by clasts of acidic magmatic and orthogneissic rocks of unknown provenance, here studied. Magmatic rocks originated from late-Variscan two-mica cordierite-bearing granitoids and, subordinately, from aplitic dikes. Orthogneisses derive from similar plutonic rocks but are affected by an Alpine metamorphic overprint evolving from greenschist (T=510&j0;-530 degrees C and P=5-6 kbar) to low-temperature amphibolite facies (T>550&j0;C and P<3 kbar). Such a plutonic rock suite is unknown in any Betic-Rif unit or in the basement of the Alboran Sea, and the metamorphic evolution in the orthogneisses is different from (and older than) that of Alpujarride-Sebtide rocks to which they were formerly ascribed. Magmatic and metamorphic rocks very similar to those studied characterize the basements of some Kabylia and Calabria-Peloritani units. Therefore, the source area is a currently lost continental-crust realm of Calabria-Peloritani-Kabylia type, located to the ESE of the Malaguide-Ghomaride Domain and affected by a pre-latest Oligocene Alpine metamorphism. Increasingly active tectonics transformed this realm into rising areas from which erosion fed small subsiding synorogenic basins formed on the Malaguide-Ghomaride Complex. This provenance analysis demonstrates that all these domains constituted a single continental-crust block until Aquitanian-Burdigalian times, before its dispersal around nascent western Mediterranean basins.  相似文献   

陕西二台子铜金床钠长石碳酸（角砾）岩类特征及形成构造背景分析   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

方维萱  张国伟 《岩石学报》2000,16(3):392-400

从岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、地球化学、稀土元素等方面研究了二台子铜金矿内长石炭酸（角砾）岩类地质地球化学特征。晚泥盆世－石炭纪,在区域幔羽构造作用下,深部热流体沿先存在构造通道上升进入镇安二台子三级热水沉积盆地之中,形成了石英重晶石炭酸角砾岩、碳酸角砾岩、复成分角砾岩、钠长岩、钠长石碳酸岩,受同性断裂及层位控制明显,并构成了金的矿源层及普遍金矿化。燕山期,具有幔源特征的深部含矿热流体在北东、北西向  相似文献   

A new scheme for numerical modelling of flow and transport processes in 3D fractured porous media     

Andrés Peratta  Viktor Popov 《Advances in water resources》2006

The objective of this work is to develop a new numerical approach for the three-dimensional modelling of flow and transient solute transport in fractured porous media which would provide an accurate and efficient treatment of 3D complex geometries and inhomogeneities. For this reason, and in order to eliminate as much as possible the number of degrees of freedom, the fracture network, fractures and their intersections, are solved with a coupled 2D–1D model while the porous matrix is solved independently with a 3D model. The interaction between both models is accounted for by a coupling iterative technique. In this way it is possible to improve efficiency and reduce CPU usage by avoiding 3D mesh refinements of the fractures. The approach is based on the discrete-fracture model in which the exact geometry and location of each fracture in the network must be provided as an input. The formulation is based on a multidimensional coupling of the boundary element method-multidomain (BEM-MD) scheme for the flow and boundary element dual reciprocity method-multidomain (BE-DRM-MD) scheme for the transport. Accurate results and high efficiency have been obtained and are reported in this paper.  相似文献   

Glacier development and topographic context     

J. I. Lpez‐Moreno  D. Nogus‐Bravo  J. Chueca‐Cía  A. Julin‐Andrs 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(12):1585-1594

This paper analyses the topographic context of the remaining glaciated areas in the Maladeta Massif (Central Spanish Pyrenees). These ice‐covered surfaces have been incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) in an attempt at correlating the presence of ice with a range of topographic variables obtained from a digital elevation model. The use of generalized additive models and binary regression tree models enabled us (i) to quantify the spatial variability in the distribution of glaciers attributable to characteristics of the local terrain, (ii) to investigate the interaction between the variables that account for the ice cover distribution and (iii) to map the probability of glacier development. Our results show that although the development of glaciers depends on regional climate conditions, the topographic context is of paramount importance in determining the location, extent, shape and recent evolution of each glacial body. Thus, the joint effect of altitude, exposure to incoming solar radiation, slope and mean curvature is able to explain more than 70 per cent of the observed variance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

龙骨坡遗址第7水平层石制品新材料          下载免费PDF全文

侯亚梅  李英华  黄万波  徐自强  鲁娜 《第四纪研究》2006,26(4):555-561

文章记述并分析了20世纪90年代后期重庆巫山龙骨坡遗址出土于第7水平层的16件石制品,包括若干各具特色的工具类型,如原型手镐、原型薄刃斧、大型尖刃器、直刃砍砸器、凸刃砍砸器、长刃石刀、短刃石刀、刮削器、凿刃器等,反映出石器制作者明确的工作目标和为了达到目标所经历的一个又一个中间过程;说明了当时的人类对工具制作的具体需求和适当利用自然环境的事实。研究证据还体现了大约200万年前华南早期人类工具类型的多样性与特殊性,标志着中国早期人类在当时阶段所达到的技术发展水平。龙骨坡遗址很可能是东亚早期人类文化的一个发祥地。  相似文献   

《天水市地图集》的设计与编辑     

鲁明东 《测绘技术装备》2006,8(4):32-35

本文主要介绍了《天水市地图集》编辑设计的选题原则、地图内容的表现方式、资料的使用、编辑工艺及流程、地图整饰等内容,力求在大型地图集编辑设计方面有所突破和创新,包括地图内在质量和外部装祯设计,为甘肃省地方经济建设尽一份力。该项目是甘肃省“十一五”基础测绘规划重点任务,填补了本省市、州无地图集的空白。  相似文献   

地闪回击电流测量综述     

王飞  张义军  孟青  吕伟涛 《气象》2006,32(8):3-11

地闪回击电流是雷电的一个重要特征参数。其测量数据的积累对于雷电防护技术的提高具有重要意义。目前国内外的雷电研究人员通过矮塔、高塔直接观测，人工引雷观测和电场电流关系反衍的方法对地闪回击电流进行了大量的观测研究，并取得了丰富的观测资料。观测表明，负地闪首次回击电流平均为30kA，继后回击电流平均12kA。正地闪回击电流平均为35kA，有时可达几百kA。不同地区地闪回击电流平均值略有不同。高塔测量是主要的雷电流参量直接测量方法，但不同高度测量的地闪回击电流无论峰值还是波形都存在一定的差异。人工引发闪电和自然闪电继后回击雷电流的测量结果较为一致。间接估测雷电流参数的方法随着地闪回击模式的发展将成为主要的方法之一。  相似文献   

海水养殖的气象风险分析及预报   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卢峰本  黄滢  周启强  许文龙 《气象》2006,32(11):113-117

对海水养殖灾害及适生环境条件进行分析研究，确定海水养殖气象灾害风险及以盐度、海温为特征的各类海水养殖生物适生环境风险评价标准，并建立风险指标数据库；利用1968-1982年的盐度、海温、降雨、气温、风向风速资料，采用逐步回归方法，建立以相关气象要素为因子的海温、盐度预报方程，在此基础上，通过对天气的监测预报并结合风险评价标准，实现海水养殖的气象风险分析预报，为海水养殖业防灾减灾、提高产量和质量提供更有针对性的气象服务。  相似文献